Open Reel Tape and empty reels in sizes form 5" to 10", 8 Track Cartridges, Vintage Recording Media, Blank Cartridges, Pre-Recorded Cartridges, Blank Tapes, Empty Tape Reels, and Tape Recorder Accesssories, LP Vinyl Records, Pre Recorded Open Reel Tapes - o - Lots and Lots listed here! TIP: Search This page with "Alt F"
• MIDI Music Production Station
• MIDI Merger
• MIDI Filter
• MIDI Drums
• 12AU7 Tubes
Other Equipment:
•Vintage Organs
• Leslie speakers
• Classic Hammond Organs
• Vintage Recording Equipment
• Vintage Turn Tables / Record Players 16 - 33/45 -78 RPM
• Turn Table Parts +Accessories
• Electronic Repair Parts
• Tube Parts
• Tube Amplifiers
• Recording Equipment
Tape Reel Hold Downs
(Original vintage NOS!)
These rubber stoppers are used for the older type reel to reel recorders that do not have built-in tape reel locks. The rubber clamps onto the shafts of the deck to hold the tape reel in place for vertically operated reel to reel decks. These rubber clamps are original vintage new old stock and in perfect condition. As reel sizes are standard, these hold downs fit and work with almost any Reel to Reel deck, that requires rubber hold downs. I tested these on various decks such as: TEAC, SONY, Silvertone and more.
Price: $19.95 / pair
Open Reel Recording Tape:
7" Reel to Reel Tape
Description: These are vintage used 7" reels with 1/4" recording tape in cardboard box from various manufacturers, such as Ampex, Audio Magnetics, BASF, Concertape, Dunlap, General Electric, Memorex, Realistic, Scotch, Shamrock, Sony, Soundcraft, Sunset, etc.
Each tape has been played briefly in my deck, tested to not squeak and not to be brittle. Other than that: sold "As-Is" without any guarantee or warrantees of any kind, due to age!
Condition: Used, tested - as described above. Sold "AS-IS". May have some good vintage 50's, 60's and 70's music or other recordings on it !
Information: One 7" 1800' Open Reel Tape will play:
180 Min @ 15/16"
90 Min. @1 7/8 IPS,
45 Min. @7.5 IPS,
22.5 Min @ 15 IPS,
Lot: 1 each, 7" Used magnetic recording tape on reel (most reels are clear) with box, when one is availablee (97% have boxes).
Price: Regular Price: $9.75 ea.
(New tape reels, if availalbe at all, usually sell for $15+ ea.)
1) High Grade Tape (selected for quality - photo: right, color: blackish)
$7.98 ea.
2) Standard Grade Tape
( photo: left, color: brownish)
$5.98 ea.
Note: - Due to weight actual shipping charges may be higher than what the shopping cart automatically calculates, in which case I will send an invoice before shipping - Inquire and tell me how many you need with your ZIP code before ordering
Empty Tape Reels:
5", 7" and 10"
Empty 7" Tape Reels
Description: These are vintage empty tape reels for 1/4" reel to reel tape and open reel tape decks. Used, but in great near new condition
Condition: Works great. Great Physical Condition. Appearance and physical condition may varry, but definitely will be good. These are getting harder and harder to find these days - get them while still available.
Lot: 1 ea. 7" Empty 7" Tape Reel in original vintage box (manufacturer and box appearance may vary)
Price: $12.00
Price: $9.75 without box - reel only
Secure and Easy Payment through Paypal.
• Inquire about larger Images •
Empty 10" Tape Reels
Description: This is a vintage empty tape reel for 1/4" 10" reel to reel tape machines. Used, but in great near new condition
Condition: Works great. Great Physical Condition. Appearance and physical condition may varry, but definitely will be good. These are getting harder and harder to find these days - get them while still available.
Lot: 1 ea. 10" Empty 7" Tape Reel in original vintage box (manufacturer and box appearance may vary)
Price: $29.00
Secure and Easy Payment through Paypal.
• Inquire about larger Images •
Empty 5" Tape Reels: below!
5" Reel to Reel Tape + Empty 5" and 5 3/4" Reels
• Empty 5" Tape Reel
(only 1 in stock - very hard to find !)
$20
• Empty 5 3/4" Tape Reel
(only 1 in stock - very hard to find !)
$20
• 5" Tape Reels with Tape
Description: These are vintage used 5" full reels of 1/4" recording tape from various manufacturers, such as Concertape, Scotch, etc.
Each tape has been played in my deck, tested to not squeak and not to be brittle. Other than that: sold "As-Is" without any guarantee or warrantees of any kind, due to age!
Condition: Used, tested - as described above. Sold "AS-IS". May have some good vintage 50's, 60's and 70's music on it.
Features: 1 5" 900' Open Reel Tape will play:
30 Min. @ 3 3/4" IPS
15 Min @ 7.5 IPS,,
Lot: 1 each, 5" Used magnetic recording tape on reel (most reels are clear) with box, when one is availablee (95% have boxes, about 7 tapes are currently in stock).
Prices (see photo above for items):
• 5" Tape Reel - $11.99 ea. (hard to find !)
• Super Saving Special Sale!
5 x 5" Tapes for only $55.00:
Secure and Easy Payment through Paypal.
8-Track Tape Head Cleaning Cartridge
This is a vintage 8-Track player / recorder head cleaning cartridge. Labelled as: "Pickwick Non Abrasive 8 Track tape head cleaning cartridge - Clean Tape cartrige payer heads the easy way... Cleans and polishes.... Instructions... Cautions: Don't leave cleaning cartridge running for exteneded time."
Very appropriate, as most heads are difficult to reach to clean otherwise and as 8 Track tapes are getting old highly recommneded to keep your player's heads clean and in good shape.
Cqartridge used, aparently good condition. Cleanign tape appears clean.
Only 1 8 track cleaning cartridge available and when sold, it is gone!
(Will reomove payment link when sold.)
Price: $14.00
Secure and Easy Payment through Paypal.
Tape Head Demagnetizing Coils
(Original vintage!)
A tape head demagnetizer is for all equipment that uses magnetic recording media. The playing of magnetized tape mamgnetizes heads over time and results in loss of high frequencies and hiss. Magnetized heads can also partially erase some apescts of the original recoding and thus may damage vintage recordings. Professionls use head demagnetizers about every 10 play hours to maintain full integrity of their equipment. Here is the needed tool - vintage all original from the good old days of analog recordings!
Marc's Tech tip: Genrally a demagnetizer is only used for a couple of minutes each session to demagnetize tape heads and all metal elements in the tape path. When not in use, un plug it form power as no power switch. Connect or disconnect form power only when at least 6 feet away form tape heads as not to magnetize them with a power spike.
Features: 117V AC with american AC plug.
Only 1 item available each and when sold it's gone! (Will reomove payment links as they sell.)
1) Ampex Head Demagnetizer in original box with original manual, estimated: late 50's or 60's, used, tested good -
Price: $34.95
Secure and Easy Payment through Paypal.
2) Calrad Head Demagnetizer as shown, used, tested good -
Price: $19.95
Secure and Easy Payment through Paypal.
Reel to Reel Tape Acessories
(Original vintage!)
Only 1 item available each and when sold it's gone! (Will reomove payment links as they sell.)
1) Scotch Leader and Timing Tape in original dispenser box "CAT. NO. 24W-1/4-100 Protects tape neds; for easier thread-up and accurate timing" 1/4" x 100 ft." , used, about 85% full
Price: $6.95
Secure and Easy Payment through Paypal.
2) "Audio" Leader Self Timing Leader Tape in original vintage box "audio self tiemin gleader tape for use with Audiotape 1/4" magnetic recordign tape Manufactured by Audio Devices Inc 44 Madison Ave. New York 22 NY" , used,
Price:
2) Soni-Tape Splicing Tape in original Splicing Tape for Soni-Tape SONY , used vintage,
Price: $6.95
Secure and Easy Payment through Paypal.
4) Ampex Splicing Tape in original plastic box "Ampex Splicing Tape C-1211 , used,
Price:
80 DAT Tapes
(TDK-DA-R120)
80 DAT tapes available (90% 120 Minutes, some shorter). Original retail price: $11.95 each, most of which have been recorded only once (with a SONY TCD-D7) - about 50% have been listened to once:
$ 5.00 ea., Lot: 1 ea. used TDK-DA-120 DAT Tape
5 DAT Tapes for $20, Lot: 5 ea. used TDK-DA-120 DAT Tapes
20 for $75
All 80 for $275.00
• Inquire / Buy • Secure and Easy Payment through Paypal.
• Buy • Top • Garage Main • Listen to Music by Rising Star • Home •
Record Cleaning Brush
Description: Discwasher record cleaner and red plastic brush (likely used to clean stylie). Use cleaner to clean vinyl records. This item includes: Original box, velvet covered padded record cleaning block. OSrry abotu the lousy photo - image compression. This item appears to have been a quality product when originally sold: the record cleaner is made out of fine wood. Made in the USA.
Condition: Vintage, used as shown and in good condition.
Features: cleans dust off records
Lot: 1 Discwasher record cleaning kit. as described and shown above.
Price: $18.00 Only 1 available
- Payment Link will be removed when sold!
Secure and Easy Payment through Paypal.
Vintage Pre Recorded - 7" Open Reel Tapes
Originals!
Music Factory Pre-Recorded on Reel to Reel Tape
Made in the USA
Only 1 tape available each and when sold it's gone! (Will reomove payment links as they sell.)
Titles:
1) Henry Mancini - A warm Shade of Ivory - 3 3/4 IPS, RCA TP3-1005, Victor Stereotape 1969, reel and box, good to excellent condition.
Price: 20.00
Secure and Easy Payment through Paypal.
2) Henry Mancini - Mancini Concert - 3 3/4 IPS, RCA TP3-1071, Victor Stereotape 1971, reel and box, good to excellent condition.
Price:
3) Judy Collins - Recollections - 7 1/2 IPS, Electra EKS-74055 on Ampex Stereo Tape, reel and box, good to excellent condition.
Price:
4) Laura Nyro - Christmas and the Beads Of Sweat, Columbia Stereo Tape CR 30259, reel and box, good to excellent condition.
Price:
5) Frank Sinatra - Cycles - 4 Track - STEREO; 7 1/2 IPS, reprise FST 1027A, Manufacured by stereotape division green tree electronics corp., A Bell & Howell Company, original tape, reel and box, good to excellent condition.
Price: 15.00
Secure and Easy Payment through Paypal.
6) Ray Anthony - Dream Dancing today + Dancing Alone together - 2 Completete Stereo Albums - Approximate Playing Time: 1 hr. 8 Mins. - 4 Track - STEREO - 3 3/4 IPS; Printed in USA - Capitol Y2T-2488, original tape, reel and box, good to excellent condition.
Price: 15.00
Secure and Easy Payment through Paypal.
7) Dionnne Warwick - Verry Dione - 7 1/2 - 4 Track - STEREO -; Printed in USA - Scepter Records M587 on AMpex Stereo Tape, original tape, reel and box, good to excellent condition.
Price:
8) Bearbara Sterisand - Barbara Joan Streisand - 71/2? - 4 Track - STEREO -; Printed in USA - Columbia Records CR30792, original tape, reel and box, good to excellent condition.
Price:
9) Cat Stevens - Teaser And The fire Cat - 7 1/2 - 4 Track - STEREO -; Printed in USA - A & M Records OR-4313, original tape, reel and box, good to excellent condition.
Price: 25.00
Secure and Easy Payment through Paypal.
NO PHOTO (!)) Tenessee Ernie Ford - Faith Of Our Fathers; Tracks: Break Though the Bread Of Life - Jesus I come - He Alone Can Savew Me - AND Others; 3 3/4 IPS, 4 Track - STEREO; Capitol Full Dimensional Stereo Y1T 2761, , Printed in USA, original tape, reel and box, good to excellent condition.
Price: 10.00
Secure and Easy Payment through Paypal.
10+11+12+13) ( 4 tapes - 3 photos only) Rev. R. B. Thieme, Jr. Pastor, Beracah Chrch - Doctrinal Bible Studies - 1970 - Dan 2:1, 2:13-34 - The content of Nebs Dream - Daniel 5:13-31, Daniel 6:1-10, Daniel, 6:15-28, Titus 1:9-14, titus 1:15-16 Doctrine Of Conscience; Daniel 7:1 rise and Fall of Nations - Intro to, Daniel 7 Jer. 50; 51; Deut 32:1-8, Daniel 7:1-7, 4 tapes, reels and boxes, good to excellent condition.
Price: 20.00
Secure and Easy Payment through Paypal.
NO PHOTO (!)) FRENCH LANGUAGE LEARNING TAPE - Heath - Foreign Language Learning Tape - Parlez Vous Francais? Second Edition; 3 3/4 IPS, 4 Track - MONO; ©1961 Heath and Company, Printed in USA, original tape, reel and box, good to excellent condition.
Price: 12.00
Secure and Easy Payment through Paypal.
Vintage Pre Recorded
8 Track Cartridge Tapes
Originals!
Music Factory Pre-Recorded on Tape cartridges in 8 Track Cartridge format.
Made in the USA
Only 1 tape available each - and when sold it's gone!
Titles:
• Herb Alpert & T.J.B - Greatest Hits Vol. 2 - AM S 123678
• Herb Alpert & T.J.B - Greatest Hits - S100295
• Lettermen - Make a Time for Lovin’ - Capitol S 114409
• Paul Anka’s - 21 Golden Hits - RCA APS1-0474
• Boots Randolph - HomerLouis Randolph - TT GRT M 8044-30678
• Hank William’s - Greatest Hits - MGM S123656
• Tony Bennett - Get happy w/ The London Philharm. Orch - Columbia TC8 CA 30953
• Dean Martin - For Good Times - Ampex M86423
• Jeannie C. Riley - Country Gold Award Winners Of The Country Music Association 1868-1977
• Elvis Presely - Worldwide Gold Awards Hits - Parts 1 & 2
• Lettermen - There is No Greater Love - Capitol S124385
• The Captain & Tenille - Love Will Keep Us Together
• Engelbert Hunperdnick - In TIme London S110149
• Born Again - 20 Most Loved Sogs of Faith and Inspiration
• The New Sound Of Today - Columbia CA 10178
• The Best On Record - Columbia CA 10180
Rot Clark - The Entertainer DOT S104551
• Guy Lombardo - 50th Anniversary Album SMI 8-8
• Guy Lombardo - Beautiful Medleys of 50 All Time Favoites SMI 8-16A
• Those Swinging Days Of The Big Bands TMC-836
• Nashville Gold Columbia CA 10179
• Season’s Greetings - From Perry Como RCA P8S 1145
• The Best Of Charlie Pride - RCA P8S-1505
• Leo Addeo and his Orch and Chorus - Hawaii’s Greatest Hits RCA C8S-1163
• John Denver - Greatest Hits Vol 2 RCA CPS1-2195
• The Glen Campbell God Time Album 8XW 493
• Charlie Rich - The Silver Fox PEA 33250
• Tony Orlando & Dawn - Greatest Hits Arista S 124018
• Ray Charles - The Tender Side of Ray Charles SMI8-11P
• 14 More Of Hank William’s Greatest Hits, VOL II MGM S123658
• 22 Beautiful Memories - Mith Miller and The Gang SM BA 14746
• Perry Como - And I love You So - RCA APS1-0100
• Fabulous Memories - The Fabulous 40’s - RCA RD8-5626
• Harry James & His Orch - For Listening and Dancing - RCA RD8-5624
• Van Morrison - Tupelo Honey - Warner BrosM81950
• RodStewart - Faces Live - Warner Bros M8 2752
• The Saints Go Marhing In - Al Hirt, Armstrong, Dukes, Hampton - NL-2 81601
• Bill Graham Presents in SF - Filmore The Last Days W8 C8 2637
• Electric Light Orchestra - A New World Record - Jet JZA 35529
Prices:
--> Please copy and paste the titles you wish to order when checking out !!! Or I will have to e-mail you and wait for your response before I can ship.
$5.00 ea.
5 for $19.00
10 for $35.00
Inquire
• Buy • Top • Garage Main • Listen to Music by Rising Star • Home •
• Also available: Vintage Tube Amp Repair, Restoration and Modification •
Pioneer 2 Way Headphones
Description: These are probably the most amazing headphoes available at the time when made, which I estimate to be the early or mid 70's. And I am surethat this is a nice piece of vintage audio equipment collectors item. These stereo phones are 2 way: Inside of them there is a pair of tweeters and mounted in fornt of the the "bass" drivers. There are controls in fornt and in the rear of the mounting of each ear piece - all together 4 knobs. The front side knobs are labeled "Volume" while the rear side knobs are labeled " Trebbele".
Condition: Vintage, used as shown and in physical good / near excellent condition. Working condition: all drivers work (the set basically works for a full and balanced stere image), but the potentiometers of the 4 control knobs need to be treated with contact cleaner. Sold as described here (AS-IS) at a reduced price as below.
Features: stereo, 2 way, 1/4" stereo headphone plug, 4 contol knobs: 2 level, 2 trebble.
Lot: 1 set of Pioneer SE-30A Stereo headphones in original box, used, as described and shown above.
Price: $35.00 (As the shipping cost is more than what the shopping cart wil bill, the price was adjusted to $35)
Only 1 available
- Payment Link will be removed when sold!
Secure and Easy Payment through Paypal.
Open Reel Tape Transfer Services
©2004 ultraelectronicactive.com
For those of you who do not wish to buy a whole reel to reel deck just to listen to or transfer transfer a few tapes: I offer professional reel to reel / open tape reel to CD / digital transfer services. Cut your tapes to CD, or even get e-mailable MP3 files of your material. I publish my own music comercially and have a full featured recording studio based on a Digidesign ProTools System and various reel to reel decks. I can handle 15, 7 1/2, 3 3/4, 1 7/8 IPS recording speeds and full track, half track, quarter track and 4 track / 4 chanel recording formats
My work aimes for highest quality. I charge: - by the hour, - by a special dicount rate per day, if your project takes more than a day of work time, - at a further discounted rate, if your project takes more than 3 days.
I also sell refurbished quality reel to reel decks.
I offer transfer, restoration, enhancement and post processing services. I process orders only under the agreemnt, that you are in possession of all legal licenses to copy copyrighted materials and that you take full responsibility for any claims that may arise from potential copy right violations.
FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions
©2004 ultraelectronicactive.com
• What does it take transfer Reel to Reel tape to CD or MP3?
©2004 ultraelectronicactive.com
As tape reels vary in sizes and can be recorded in various diferent formats and recording speeds, a definte estimate can only be given when all details in regards to formats and the recorded material a tape contains, are known (Detail below).
The time required to transfer depends entirely on: the format and the quality of your recordigns, and on the quality of the desired final product. (More DETAIL below!)
Rule of thumb: If wishing to receive CD’s (or MP3’s) where each tune / piece from a tape can be accessed as a separate track on a CD, an average work/transfer time double of the material length (or: play time can) be expected. In other words: Required transfer work time averages aproximately double the PLAY TIME of the material recorded on your tapes.
• How do I estimate PLAY TIME (or material length) of my open reel tapes?
©2004 ultraelectronicactive.com
Guideline: One 7" Open Reel Tape contains about 1800' of tape and will play in stereo: 45 Minutes @ 7 1/2 IPS, 90 Min. @ 3 3/4 IPS or 180 Minutes @ 1 7/8 IPS, PER SIDE (!) - so double the time if recorded double sided; AND: if recorded in mono: (as there are 2 tracks per side for quater track width) double the time AGAIN!.
• DETAILED guidelines and perspectives to estimate aproximate time for material lengthes and work time:
©2004 ultraelectronicactive.com
Assuming that the recordings on a tape are of reasonable quality, that the tape is in reasonably good physical condtion and that it is desired that each tune is to be accessible as a separate track on the final CD: it takes in the average about twice as much time than the material's playtime, to properly record and master
©2004 ultraelectronicactive.com
These factors likely may reduce required time to process:
- Recording in one swoop without any interruption - (drawback: output CD will have only 1 accessible track on it)
- Tapes recorded at highest speeds
- Recordings of excellent quality and that are:
- propperly separated with silence between each tune / piece
- Tapes in perfect physical condition
- Tapes that have little material on them or have few separate tuens / pieces requiring no- or little separation.
©2004 ultraelectronicactive.com
These factors will add to the required time to process:
- different recording levels or different tonal qualities on the same tape, (tape was recorded on different machines, or at different times, or have great variation of material on the tape)
- sound quality poor or varies (may add considerably to the time it takes to process, as each change requires time to readjust processing).
- Poor quality recordings (set-up time for equalisation / resotration and post processing)
- Tunes merge into each other; talk over the beginning or ending of materials etc.
- Poor quality tape materials: aged tapes that are brittle, have loose tape partices, are torn, have wrinkles, are tearing apart easily, or a chemically contaminated, were storred in poor environments, etc.
• What do you need form me to give an estimate for transfers of my materials?
©2004 ultraelectronicactive.com
Tape formats:
- 1/4” or 1/2” width
- Reel size: 3”, 5”, 7” 10”
- Recording format: stereo or mono tracks (or multi track);
- track fromat / track width: quarter track, half track, full track, (or special asigned, such as staggered, multi track, etc.)
- Recording Speed Info (Speeds: 1 7/8, 3 3/4, 7 1/5, 15, 38 IPS)
- Physical condition of the tapes(s)
- Material on the tape.
- Need special editing?
©2004 ultraelectronicactive.com
Inquire • DAT Tapes Below •
©2004 ultraelectronicactive.com
• What equipment does it take to transfer Open Reel to Reel tape to CD / MP3:
©2004 ultraelectronicactive.com
A suitable Reel to Reel Tape Deck in great working condition (there are many formats and tape sizes - see above!), Possibly analog processing equipment, and digital recording equipment that ideally would have processng capabilities and outputs to standard audio CDs (MP3’s).
Vintage LP Vinyl Records -
Currently Available:
Vintage and Early ELECTRONIC and experiemntal music on LPs - Also: Quadraphonic Records, High End, Psychoacoustic Experiences, Sound Effects, Test Records, etc. Electronic Electronic Music Includes:
Kraftwerk,
Klaus Schulze,
Vangelis,
Glassman,
Trace,
And many more!!!
Titles:
Kraftwerk - Autobahn
Kraftwerk - Trans Europe Express
Klaus Shchulze - Picture Music
Trans-Electronic Music Productions - Switched On Bach
Gassman - Electronic Music for the Balet "ELECTRONICS" - SALA - Five Improvisations on Magnetic Tape
Brian Eno / Harold Budd - Ambient 2
Rick Van Linden, Jaap Van Elk, Pierre Van Linden - TRACE (1974)
David Lange - Return Of The Comet
Vangelis - Charriots Of Fire
I trust that you will be offering fair market value for the record that you want.
$25 minimum order.
Inquire
Edison Amberol-Records - Music Cylinders.
About 100 years old! Here is an antique relic original from the beginning days of sound recordings! Edison invented the phongraph and cylindrical records were the first to appear at the turn of the cnetury. These record have survived time and are from the inventor's factory and "record label". Cylinder Records have grooves on the surface of the cylinder.
4-minute wax amberol records were introduced in 1908 required the Edison Model H reproducer to play it propperly
Detailed Information on the different types of reproducers / players to play these cylinders
Only 1 cylinder each available and when sold it's gone - A historical Chance of a life time! (Will reomove payment links when sold.) Secure and Easy Payment through Paypal.
Lot of All 8 Amberol cylinder records: $79.00
OR:
Titles: (left to right, top to bottom):
1) 1855 What a friend we have in Jesus - Edison Mixet Quartet Lot: box, no lid (but contains a photo of Edison and other information! Box different color - earlier?), bottom damaged. Cylinder intact - $15.00
2) 2090 - Bells Of Christmas - Band &Chorus -
3) 1518 - Whispering Hope - Helen Clark & J. Young - Lot: box, no lid (but contains a photo of Edison and other information! Box different color - earlier?), bottom damaged. Cylinder intact - $15.00
4) (photo: top) 1634 - Kis Me, My Honey, Kiss Me - Ada Jones & Muray - Lot: box, no lid (but contains a photo of Edison and other information!), bottom damaged. Cylinder intact - $15.00
5) (photo: center) 2090 - Bells Of Christmas - Edison Concert Band & Chorus - Lot: box, no lid (but contains a photo of Edison and other information!), bottom damaged. Cylinder intact -
6) (photo: center right, black) 1787 - As I Sat Upon My Dear Old Mothers Knee - Oakland & Chorus - Lot: Cylinder only, intact - no box - $10.00
7) (photo: right back, purple) 3618 - The Battle In The Air - Premier Quartet & Chorus - Lot: Cylinder only, damaged - can play about 5/6 th. until reaching damage - no box - $8.00
8) (photo: right front, blue) 1943 - There is a Girl In The Heart Of Maryland - Van Brunt - Lot: Cylinder only, intact - no box - $10.00
Secure and Easy Payment through Paypal.